Keywords: color reproduction, color management system The generation, use, delivery, and replication of engineering colors is a series of interrelated processes that cannot be treated as isolated processes. Therefore, when discussing color management, the replication process should be considered as a link in the overall color system. Only in this way can the color be properly managed and the desired reproduction can be obtained.
First, color management and system engineering System color reproduction In 1967, the publication of the book Principles of Color Reproduction by Yule was an important event in the theory of optical color reproduction. The book is a systematic review of color reproduction science and covers all aspects related to printing processes and colors, including ink and paper, color printing processes, color separation, color scanning technology, and color measurement of color prints. The book “Principles of Color Copying†lays a solid foundation for the theory of optical color reproduction and summarizes the best color reproduction and color quality control processes. Today Jule's book is still a classic reference book in the field of optical color reproduction.
The International Color Council meeting held in 1971 was a landmark event for the color reproduction industry. Pearson discusses the best method of color reproduction in "The Optimum Reproduction of Color." The conference proposed the theoretical relationship between manuscripts and reproductions from the perspective of color science. In only two years from 1971 to 1972, the Printing Technology Foundation held four consecutive color-related conferences. These conferences are a comprehensive summary of various aspects of the optical color reproduction process, and more importantly, they summarize the creative results that have appeared in the color printing production practice, and put forward the view that color reproduction is a systematic project.
The concept of dealing with color reproduction as a system project is an entirely new way of thinking about the printing process. It not only includes handling the relationship between traditional prepress production and printing processes, but more importantly, it reflects the requirements of optimized and innovative features on control points preset in the quality control chart or system engineering drawing. This concept was further expanded in the article published by Field in 1974. He emphasized the importance of modifying color separation parameters in order to better reflect the original copying requirements. In 1984, Field summarized the system management techniques of color reproduction. His research results show that the color monitor is the most effective means for optimizing the color reproduction. Modern color separation systems use calibrated color monitors. It helps fine-tune the initial mathematical transformation from the original to the replica.
2. System Engineering Principles and Applications In order to successfully achieve the goal of color reproduction, all steps from the original scene to the final replica must be controlled and balanced. This may be more important for the printing process because of the large number of imaging steps and variables involved in the color reproduction process. These steps and variable factors are related to different types of original input, different printing processes, and possible printed materials.
In order to control the printing process of a color reproduction, such a process must be regarded as a system. Here, the system can be defined as a set of interrelated factors. These factors form a whole. A control system is an arrangement of connected factors or related factors, which can instruct, guide or regulate itself or other systems. A closed-loop control system refers to its control actions. The output has a certain degree of dependency. The last concept to be involved is feedback. It is a property of a closed-loop control system that allows the output to be compared with the input to stimulate reasonable control actions. In the above-defined control system, there is a process that may be affected by disturbing factors. This process can also be affected by the recovery of operating variables. For example, the process sends information about the process conditions to the controller. After the controller compares the signal of the process conditions with the predetermined criteria, a reasonable adjustment is made to the operating variables to restore the process to the required conditions. Figure 1 is a block diagram of the operation of the control system.
The normal operation of the control system can be explained by heating and cooling air conditioning systems. The optimal temperature of the system can be represented by a preset control value. Different people have different optimal temperatures. The optimal temperature may also vary with the time of day. For example, the optimum temperature may be set lower at night. The temperature of the room rises or falls under the influence of disturbing factors (for example, a person enters a room or a window of a room opens). The thermometer (feedback signal) reports to the main control system that the temperature has deviated from the steady state change. The controller receives this signal and drives the heating or cooling mechanism to send warm air or cool air (operational variable) into the room and tries to restore the previous conditions.
These factors are necessary to obtain the control results of the optical color reproduction system. The process in this system is a combination of paper, ink, printing plate (more generally the case of image carrier), printing press, printing color sequence, document type and photoelectric conversion scanner. In general, the goal of control is to keep this process stable. Indeed, if a printing press prints the same product within a few weeks, such a control goal can theoretically be achieved.
However, the actual copying process is often changed or disturbed. These changes or disturbances may be the change of the paper from coated paper to offset paper, the change of the print sequence, the change from single sheet offset printing to web offset printing, scanning of the original from the roller scanner to scanning with a flatbed scanner, and the like. For a given color reproduction system, even if these changes do not occur, the use of a different printing material to produce different types of printed matter using different printing materials will also be a common problem. For this purpose, several color reproduction systems need to be established. Of course, new systems will only be needed if the process is subject to significant interference. For example, changing from one grade of coated paper to another may not be a significant interference.
The impact of process interference is indicated by the system's feedback mechanism. Interference feedback information related to the printing press is a proof sample. If the test proof is a standard color map, its importance is self-evident. Because it can show the system's reproducible color gamut. This feedback information is a characteristic description of the scanner for a particular color document. It comes from a standard test image. The feedback control signal is translated and interpreted by the controller and used as a criterion for handling variable factors in the production process. When it returns to the process, it can compensate for the effects of interference. The operational variables will be combined with the changes required by the pre-set control points for fine-tuning. However, the specific values ​​of the preset control points vary with the optimization concept.
The generation of color reproduction system operating variables (here, color separation images) may begin with the scanner or operator's judgment of the printed standard patch map and compare this determination with the standard printing conditions. Is there a clear deviation? If the patch map is darker than the standard, the scanner or operator handles the different control points and produces a new set of separation images, compensating for the effects of the dulling of the image due to interference.
The standard printing conditions used in the above discussion refer to printing and scanning conditions. The color reproduction system has adjusted these conditions before. If these conditions remain unchanged, there is no need to adjust the separation control conditions. Of course, there are always some changes in the color reproduction process, so it is impossible to compensate for all the changes in the color separation stage. For example, if the color gamut is changed to be much smaller after the ink is changed, no matter how the color separation film is adjusted, it is impossible to restore the color gamut to the color gamut that was previously obtained using the ink.
The optimal color reproduction requirements for a particular manuscript (pre-set control parameters) include some degree of compromise on the color reproduction effect, correction of color reproductions, and preferences for color reproduction and other sub-objectives. Color monitor display screens are commonly used to evaluate these objectives and parameter adjustment effects (sometimes the parameter adjustments have to be combined with color separation during color reproduction), and this evaluation is built into the color separation process together with correction parameters for process disturbances. .
Second, the International Color Union ICC
Considering that the formulation of color sample documents will impact and affect a considerable number of industrial sectors, the sponsors of the ICC organization decided to establish the International Color Consortium (ICC) after consultation. This happened in 1993. The ICC has nine sponsors and it has now grown to 60 member units. They are all major developers in the field of imaging technology and computer technology. The types of products produced by ICC members include inkjet printers, computer operating systems, photographic film and photo paper, and printed publications. Why are so many different types of companies producing different products so interested in joining a single alliance? Why is the ICC so important that it has attracted so many companies together? In addition, what kind of work are these companies doing in ICC? What are their expectations for the future? What benefits do they do to their business?
1. Network and Divine Pursuit The only factor that stimulates the need for color management standards is the web. Before the advent of the Internet, people worked particularly easily: designers created colorful manuscripts and handed them to printers, printers produced color separation films for designers, and used color separation films for proofing. Designers then decided whether or not to modify the original before printing. Documentation. So, can the designer see the color he needs on the sample draft? Is the result of the proofing consistent with what the designer sees on the screen? The answer is uncertain. The designer can only rely on experience to determine the colors printed when the RGB value is (255, 184, 12). Many designers use printed block diagrams to understand what color different colors are currently displayed on the screen.
Before the network intervention, there were indeed many closed systems controlled by computers or not controlled by computers. Professionals used such systems to produce color images. Due to the network's involvement, designers want to submit jobs to printers via e-mail. New ways of designing media around the web suddenly became popular. The carefully designed manuscripts of the artist are transmitted throughout the network, viewed by the reader on an uncalibrated screen, and printed by a printer who is familiar with the performance of the press. The network suddenly opened the gap in the closed system, but new problems followed.
The effect anyone expects others to see is what they see. This is the goal pursued by the color management system. With the ideal color management software, the following requirements can be achieved: cartoonists make cartoon mice and make movies on computer screens, and let people enjoy or record DVDs in movie theaters for people to watch on televisions or computer screens. Watch. The outline of the same cartoon mouse can be used to create a web page to help sell DVD products, and can also be made into toys; a toy box can be printed with the images of rats and arranged in a story book. After a child had this popular new mouse toy, he scanned the mouse in the storybook and emailed it abroad. When the recipient opens the attachment of the e-mail, the colors they see are the same as the colors they see on the movie screen, television, computer screen, box, and plastic toy. All this is not a fantasy story, but it can indeed be done. The same mouse is used for all of the above listed visual products. There is no need to worry about different colors. It is not necessary to change the hue of the color, and it is not necessary to modify the dot pattern. When we can use information channels so easily without having to consider what kind of media we use, we have reached the sacred goal. ICC attempts to develop an open, cross-platform color management system architecture and related components. If the work they are doing is correct, then we can reach the other side of sacred pursuit.
2. Sample file and sample file connection space The ICC was formed in 1993 as a ColorSync consortium and intends to establish a new standard for color sample file formats. The mode used is Profile-PCS-Profile. The PCS here is called a Profile Connection Space. This model assumes that each device can produce a sample file, describing
First, color management and system engineering System color reproduction In 1967, the publication of the book Principles of Color Reproduction by Yule was an important event in the theory of optical color reproduction. The book is a systematic review of color reproduction science and covers all aspects related to printing processes and colors, including ink and paper, color printing processes, color separation, color scanning technology, and color measurement of color prints. The book “Principles of Color Copying†lays a solid foundation for the theory of optical color reproduction and summarizes the best color reproduction and color quality control processes. Today Jule's book is still a classic reference book in the field of optical color reproduction.
The International Color Council meeting held in 1971 was a landmark event for the color reproduction industry. Pearson discusses the best method of color reproduction in "The Optimum Reproduction of Color." The conference proposed the theoretical relationship between manuscripts and reproductions from the perspective of color science. In only two years from 1971 to 1972, the Printing Technology Foundation held four consecutive color-related conferences. These conferences are a comprehensive summary of various aspects of the optical color reproduction process, and more importantly, they summarize the creative results that have appeared in the color printing production practice, and put forward the view that color reproduction is a systematic project.
The concept of dealing with color reproduction as a system project is an entirely new way of thinking about the printing process. It not only includes handling the relationship between traditional prepress production and printing processes, but more importantly, it reflects the requirements of optimized and innovative features on control points preset in the quality control chart or system engineering drawing. This concept was further expanded in the article published by Field in 1974. He emphasized the importance of modifying color separation parameters in order to better reflect the original copying requirements. In 1984, Field summarized the system management techniques of color reproduction. His research results show that the color monitor is the most effective means for optimizing the color reproduction. Modern color separation systems use calibrated color monitors. It helps fine-tune the initial mathematical transformation from the original to the replica.
2. System Engineering Principles and Applications In order to successfully achieve the goal of color reproduction, all steps from the original scene to the final replica must be controlled and balanced. This may be more important for the printing process because of the large number of imaging steps and variables involved in the color reproduction process. These steps and variable factors are related to different types of original input, different printing processes, and possible printed materials.
In order to control the printing process of a color reproduction, such a process must be regarded as a system. Here, the system can be defined as a set of interrelated factors. These factors form a whole. A control system is an arrangement of connected factors or related factors, which can instruct, guide or regulate itself or other systems. A closed-loop control system refers to its control actions. The output has a certain degree of dependency. The last concept to be involved is feedback. It is a property of a closed-loop control system that allows the output to be compared with the input to stimulate reasonable control actions. In the above-defined control system, there is a process that may be affected by disturbing factors. This process can also be affected by the recovery of operating variables. For example, the process sends information about the process conditions to the controller. After the controller compares the signal of the process conditions with the predetermined criteria, a reasonable adjustment is made to the operating variables to restore the process to the required conditions. Figure 1 is a block diagram of the operation of the control system.
The normal operation of the control system can be explained by heating and cooling air conditioning systems. The optimal temperature of the system can be represented by a preset control value. Different people have different optimal temperatures. The optimal temperature may also vary with the time of day. For example, the optimum temperature may be set lower at night. The temperature of the room rises or falls under the influence of disturbing factors (for example, a person enters a room or a window of a room opens). The thermometer (feedback signal) reports to the main control system that the temperature has deviated from the steady state change. The controller receives this signal and drives the heating or cooling mechanism to send warm air or cool air (operational variable) into the room and tries to restore the previous conditions.
These factors are necessary to obtain the control results of the optical color reproduction system. The process in this system is a combination of paper, ink, printing plate (more generally the case of image carrier), printing press, printing color sequence, document type and photoelectric conversion scanner. In general, the goal of control is to keep this process stable. Indeed, if a printing press prints the same product within a few weeks, such a control goal can theoretically be achieved.
However, the actual copying process is often changed or disturbed. These changes or disturbances may be the change of the paper from coated paper to offset paper, the change of the print sequence, the change from single sheet offset printing to web offset printing, scanning of the original from the roller scanner to scanning with a flatbed scanner, and the like. For a given color reproduction system, even if these changes do not occur, the use of a different printing material to produce different types of printed matter using different printing materials will also be a common problem. For this purpose, several color reproduction systems need to be established. Of course, new systems will only be needed if the process is subject to significant interference. For example, changing from one grade of coated paper to another may not be a significant interference.
The impact of process interference is indicated by the system's feedback mechanism. Interference feedback information related to the printing press is a proof sample. If the test proof is a standard color map, its importance is self-evident. Because it can show the system's reproducible color gamut. This feedback information is a characteristic description of the scanner for a particular color document. It comes from a standard test image. The feedback control signal is translated and interpreted by the controller and used as a criterion for handling variable factors in the production process. When it returns to the process, it can compensate for the effects of interference. The operational variables will be combined with the changes required by the pre-set control points for fine-tuning. However, the specific values ​​of the preset control points vary with the optimization concept.
The generation of color reproduction system operating variables (here, color separation images) may begin with the scanner or operator's judgment of the printed standard patch map and compare this determination with the standard printing conditions. Is there a clear deviation? If the patch map is darker than the standard, the scanner or operator handles the different control points and produces a new set of separation images, compensating for the effects of the dulling of the image due to interference.
The standard printing conditions used in the above discussion refer to printing and scanning conditions. The color reproduction system has adjusted these conditions before. If these conditions remain unchanged, there is no need to adjust the separation control conditions. Of course, there are always some changes in the color reproduction process, so it is impossible to compensate for all the changes in the color separation stage. For example, if the color gamut is changed to be much smaller after the ink is changed, no matter how the color separation film is adjusted, it is impossible to restore the color gamut to the color gamut that was previously obtained using the ink.
The optimal color reproduction requirements for a particular manuscript (pre-set control parameters) include some degree of compromise on the color reproduction effect, correction of color reproductions, and preferences for color reproduction and other sub-objectives. Color monitor display screens are commonly used to evaluate these objectives and parameter adjustment effects (sometimes the parameter adjustments have to be combined with color separation during color reproduction), and this evaluation is built into the color separation process together with correction parameters for process disturbances. .
Second, the International Color Union ICC
Considering that the formulation of color sample documents will impact and affect a considerable number of industrial sectors, the sponsors of the ICC organization decided to establish the International Color Consortium (ICC) after consultation. This happened in 1993. The ICC has nine sponsors and it has now grown to 60 member units. They are all major developers in the field of imaging technology and computer technology. The types of products produced by ICC members include inkjet printers, computer operating systems, photographic film and photo paper, and printed publications. Why are so many different types of companies producing different products so interested in joining a single alliance? Why is the ICC so important that it has attracted so many companies together? In addition, what kind of work are these companies doing in ICC? What are their expectations for the future? What benefits do they do to their business?
1. Network and Divine Pursuit The only factor that stimulates the need for color management standards is the web. Before the advent of the Internet, people worked particularly easily: designers created colorful manuscripts and handed them to printers, printers produced color separation films for designers, and used color separation films for proofing. Designers then decided whether or not to modify the original before printing. Documentation. So, can the designer see the color he needs on the sample draft? Is the result of the proofing consistent with what the designer sees on the screen? The answer is uncertain. The designer can only rely on experience to determine the colors printed when the RGB value is (255, 184, 12). Many designers use printed block diagrams to understand what color different colors are currently displayed on the screen.
Before the network intervention, there were indeed many closed systems controlled by computers or not controlled by computers. Professionals used such systems to produce color images. Due to the network's involvement, designers want to submit jobs to printers via e-mail. New ways of designing media around the web suddenly became popular. The carefully designed manuscripts of the artist are transmitted throughout the network, viewed by the reader on an uncalibrated screen, and printed by a printer who is familiar with the performance of the press. The network suddenly opened the gap in the closed system, but new problems followed.
The effect anyone expects others to see is what they see. This is the goal pursued by the color management system. With the ideal color management software, the following requirements can be achieved: cartoonists make cartoon mice and make movies on computer screens, and let people enjoy or record DVDs in movie theaters for people to watch on televisions or computer screens. Watch. The outline of the same cartoon mouse can be used to create a web page to help sell DVD products, and can also be made into toys; a toy box can be printed with the images of rats and arranged in a story book. After a child had this popular new mouse toy, he scanned the mouse in the storybook and emailed it abroad. When the recipient opens the attachment of the e-mail, the colors they see are the same as the colors they see on the movie screen, television, computer screen, box, and plastic toy. All this is not a fantasy story, but it can indeed be done. The same mouse is used for all of the above listed visual products. There is no need to worry about different colors. It is not necessary to change the hue of the color, and it is not necessary to modify the dot pattern. When we can use information channels so easily without having to consider what kind of media we use, we have reached the sacred goal. ICC attempts to develop an open, cross-platform color management system architecture and related components. If the work they are doing is correct, then we can reach the other side of sacred pursuit.
2. Sample file and sample file connection space The ICC was formed in 1993 as a ColorSync consortium and intends to establish a new standard for color sample file formats. The mode used is Profile-PCS-Profile. The PCS here is called a Profile Connection Space. This model assumes that each device can produce a sample file, describing
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