In order to solve the world's three major crises of population, environment, and resources, the world has welcomed the tide of environmental protection, resource conservation, and sustainable development. Germany is at the forefront of this world trend and has taken the lead in establishing the Dual System Deutscheland (DSD), also known as Green Dot, a German two-way system marked by Green Dot. We have carried out fruitful work on the recycling of waste and achieved satisfactory results. This article gives an introduction to the organization, operation and resource utilization of DSD in the light of recent visits to Germany and after training.
Founding and spreading
On June 12, 1990, the German government promulgated the first packaging waste disposal regulations "packaging - disposal of packaging waste", which aims to reduce the production of packaging waste. For unavoidable disposable packaging waste, regulations must be reused or recycled. The regulations also mandate that manufacturers not only be responsible for the products, but also responsible for the recovery of their packaging, but also responsible for the recovery of packaging, and instruct the companies engaged in transportation, agency, sales, packaging companies and wholesalers to recycle them. After using the package, you can also choose to delegate the responsibility for recycling to a recycling company that specializes in recycling. The DSD system is a special waste recycling company established in accordance with this Decree. The scope of DSD recycling is limited to sales of packaging waste. In the packaging waste composition used in Germany each year, sales packaging accounts for 48.4% (lifepacking and commercial waste packaging), transportation packaging accounts for 26.8%, multipurpose packaging accounts for 14.7%, commercial and industrial 8.7% of packaging, 0.8% of household packaging, and 0.4% of hazardous packaging, and DSD is responsible for recycling is the largest part of the waste packaging. Other packaging is recycled by other recycling organizations. For example, transport packaging is recycled by material recycling company PESY, recycling industry and enterprise plastic packaging company RIGK, metal and tinplate packaging are recycled by KBS, and building materials packaging and polyurethane foam plastic by POR. Company Recycling; and DSD Co., Ltd. Cologne's Raw Materials Recycling Association Vfw also recycles sales packaging and is Green Dot's main competitor.
According to statistics of DSD, the total amount of solid waste (garbage) produced in Germany in a year is about 400 million tons (including industry, construction, mines, and household waste), and 40 million tons of domestic garbage is produced in residential neighborhoods. About 11.6 million tons are used. German regulations stipulate that the recycling efficiency index for various types of packaging wastes ranges from 60% to 75%. Due to the excellent operation of DSD, in 2001, various types of packaging waste recycling indicators exceeded the regulations, as shown in Table 1.
Table 1 The actual recycling status of various types of packaging Recycling of packaging materials Laws and regulations Recycling 2001 Aluminum packaging actually completed 60% 105%
Composite packaging 60% 65%
Plastic Packaging 60% 87%
Paper Packaging 70% 166%
Tinplate Packing 70% 144%
Glass packaging 75% 93%
Those who exceed the figures in the table are the ones that have recovered many unused green dot marks. For paper packaging, participating in the Green Point company is 891,723 tons that should be recycled, and 1,847,941 tons actually recycled.
Under the influence of legislation in Germany that enforced the recycling of packaging waste, the European Community passed the EU packaging guidelines on December 20, 1994. The guidelines, like the German regulations, prioritized recycling and reuse of packaging waste. The order of treatment is: reduction, recycling, recycling of materials (degradable materials that cannot be reused), incineration and energy reuse, landfilling and composting; packaging guidelines require all member states to take measures to establish The use of recycling mark recycling packaging system, packaging production and use of the manufacturer must use the recycled packaging, commissioned third party recycling to pay the environmental protection recycling logo use fees; guidelines require the member countries of packaging waste recycling efficiency indicators German regulations require low levels. Recycling and utilization rates in 2001 reached 50%, and the recycling rate of each type of packaging material waste must be at least 15%. The countries that adopted the green dot recycling mark have since spread in the EU and other countries and have reached 16 so far. They are: Austria (1993), Belgium (1994), Czech Republic (2000), France (1993), Hungary (2001) ), Greece (2002), Ireland (1998), Latvia (2000), Resenborg (1995), Norway (2000), Poland (2002), Portugal (1997), Spain (1996), Sweden (2001), Canada (2001), United States (2001).
The use of the green dot mark in the EU to complete the recycling of the country is worse than that of Germany. The main reason is that the recycling rate of plastic packaging is low, and only four countries have reached the EU's packaging guidelines.
Organization and operation
DSD is a non-profit non-profit organization made up of nearly 100 production and sales companies and enjoys the tax exemption provided by the packaging regulations. The company has more than 300 employees. The three-member board of directors is responsible for the specific operations. It has three representatives representing packaging companies, packaging companies, sales shops, and waste management departments to form the supervisory body with the highest authority. In addition, an advisory committee is formed by political circles, business circles, research institutes and consumer organizations to mediate the work of the company as a medium for DSD and various social groups.
The DSD recycling company's national recycling system is based on its contract with more than 500 private and waste management companies. It is a model that is not subject to geographical restrictions; at the same time, DSD is a privately owned organization that serves the public interest. Under the premise of national environmental policy requirements, in the form of fee-based operations, the interests of all parties in the local government, waste management departments, and recycling companies are coordinated, and the responsibilities and responsibilities of all parties are clearly defined so that the recovery can be carried out smoothly.
DSD company issued a "green dot" logo for the packaging companies and importers entrusting them with the recycling of packaging waste and charged them. Charges are calculated according to the weight, volume and area of ​​the different types of recycled waste packaging.
Calculated by weight: 150.8 cents per kilogram of plastic packaging; 107.3 cents per kilogram of composite packaging; 86.4 cents per kilogram of beverage cardboard box; 76.6 cents per kilogram of aluminum packaging; 28.6 cents per kilogram of tin can Charge 20.4 cents per kilogram of paper/cardboard packaging; 10.2 cents per kilogram of natural packaging material; and 7.6 cents per kilogram of glass packaging.
From January 2002, the above fees have dropped by 11%.
Calculated by volume: <50 to 200 ml, charge 0.05-0.31 cent;> 200 ml to 3L, charge 0.36-0.46 cent;> 3L, charge 0.61 cent.
Calculated on an area basis: <150 square centimeters to 300 square centimeters, charge 0.05-0.20 cents;> 300 square centimeters to 1600 square centimeters, charge 0.31 cents;> 1600 square centimeters, charge 0.46 cents.
After packing companies, importers, and trading companies have paid their bills, they can use the “Green Point†logo registered with DSD. By 2000, DSD had already owned 17,900 companies that used its “Green Dot†logo. 340 million tons of packaging waste was recycled, reused and disposed of.
The DSD company's recycling mark is only used on disposable packaging. Reusable packaging, such as beer bottles, does not use the "green dot" logo, but is paid for by the "deposit" method. For packaging wastes with the "Green Dot" logo printed on them, DSD companies recycle them through "send" and "take" systems. For large amounts of glass (separated by green, white, brown), paper and cardboard waste, and corner waste, the company uses the “send†system to send the vehicle to the recycling processing company for centralized recycling after using the garbage bag to centralize the packaging. For scattered packaging waste, the company sets up garbage collection bins (barrels) near residential areas and pedestrian walkways. The bins (barrels) are available in three models: large, medium, and small, and are selected according to need; garbage cans (barrels) are also Divided into different colors, the waste collection, blue bins (barrels) collection carton carton, yellow bins (barrels) to collect all kinds of waste light packaging, such as plastic, composite, tin cans, cans and other waste packaging, gray Or brown bins (barrels) to collect other debris.
In 2001, Green Point collected an average of 76.6 kg of recyclable waste from each inhabitant, including glass packaging 30.0 kg, light packaging 27.91 kg, and paper/cardboard packaging 18.7 kg.
DSD two-way system for the recycling of packaging waste recycling operation description: Its use of recycling circle: packaging product manufacturers → sell the packaging to the production company for packaging or filling, the production company to pay a green point fee to the two-way system → production companies Disposable packaging products can be printed with green dot logos → handed over to the store for sale → consumer purchases → post-consumer scrap packaging Recycling by the Green Point company using its investment in a garbage bin → recycling companies contracted by Green Point or contractors will be scrapped After the material is collected, it is transported to the recycling factory → the production of recycled raw materials (or made into other products) → return to the manufacturer of the packaging products to produce recycled products.
(Two-way arrows indicate that there is a mutual contract agreement, and one-way black arrows indicate that the funds generated from the green point licensing fees are unemployed.)
Separation and regeneration
1. Waste paper In Germany, 75% of waste paper is newspapers and magazines, and 25% are paper and cardboard. In 1999, 214.6kg/person/year was recovered, which has good economic value for recycling. After the “send†and “take†systems were recovered, they were used in the past. The automatic waste paper sorting line is now used for sorting. After the waste paper is shredded, it is separated by weight (specific gravity) so that it can be sent to the company. The quality of recycled pulp after paper mills. If waste newspapers and magazines are mixed with 5% paper/paperboard, it will seriously affect the quality of high-grade pulp. Therefore, Germany has high requirements on the quality of sorting, and it is stipulated that the mixed paper must not exceed 1.25%.
2. Waste composite packaging beverages Cardboard packaging mostly uses aluminum-plastic composite materials. Its composition is 80% paper-based, 16% PE plastic, and 4% aluminum foil. Germany recycles 130,000 tons of composite packaging every year.
The recovery and separation process is as follows:
(1) After tearing and crushing the waste composite package, the waste water can be separated and formed into fiber pulp by utilizing the characteristics of water absorption of the waste paper. After the fiber pulp is extruded into a large package, it is transported to paper mills in Finland and Germany for papermaking. Food packaging paperboard fiber is long, good quality, and therefore welcomed by the paper mill.
(2) After tearing and separating the paper, aluminum foil (aluminum oxide) and PE are not good enough to be separated, so most (75%) are sent to the cement plant as an additive for the production of cement; (25%) can also be pyrolyzed, and aluminum oxide remains after burning off the plastic PE (which can be used as a heat source).
3. Waste Plastics Packaging Germany used plastics: 61% PE, 18% PP, 9% PET, 4% PVC, EPS 2%. Its waste plastic packaging consists of 11% plastic bottles, 23% plastic films, 2% EPS, and 64% mixed plastics.
In addition to the ease with which PET can be recycled, it is difficult to recover other plastics, and there is not a good market for other recycled materials after recycling. The German Ministry of Environmental Protection first required the chemical plant to undertake the task of plastic recycling. However, the plastic factory was uncomfortable considering the trouble and considering economic benefits. It only hoped that the waste plastic would be burned and landfilled, and the factory would still only produce and sell new plastic packaging products. Therefore, although the recovery organization was established, it only went bankrupt in only three years. However, the Ministry of Environmental Protection still insisted on the recovery and made the decision not to collect the tax, and the chemical company had to entrust DSD with the responsibility for recycling the waste plastic packaging. The processing costs were borne by the chemical plastics factory. To this end, DSD has set up a DKR joint-stock company responsible for the recycling of waste plastic packaging.
At present, there are two methods for recycling waste plastics:
(1) Raw material method, also known as chemical method: The crushing of hybrid plastics—separation of impurities—cleaning—granulation—injected into the blast furnace instead of heavy oil and pulverized coal as reducing agent CO and H2.
(2) Material method, also known as physical method: The plastic film, bottle, and turnover box will be broken - the use of ups and downs, vortex method, centrifugation to separate all kinds of plastic - drying, plus some new materials - - Extrusion into pellets - production of recycled plastic products such as film bags, turnover boxes, pipes, garbage bags, sandals, hangers, etc.
With the improvement of separation and regeneration technology, waste PET can now be used to regenerate food containers, but the separation must be pure. Germany and France have produced infra-red separation equipment that uses infrared light to separate and obtain highly purified particles.
Recyclable products in packaging waste are shown in Table 2.
Table 2
Founding and spreading
On June 12, 1990, the German government promulgated the first packaging waste disposal regulations "packaging - disposal of packaging waste", which aims to reduce the production of packaging waste. For unavoidable disposable packaging waste, regulations must be reused or recycled. The regulations also mandate that manufacturers not only be responsible for the products, but also responsible for the recovery of their packaging, but also responsible for the recovery of packaging, and instruct the companies engaged in transportation, agency, sales, packaging companies and wholesalers to recycle them. After using the package, you can also choose to delegate the responsibility for recycling to a recycling company that specializes in recycling. The DSD system is a special waste recycling company established in accordance with this Decree. The scope of DSD recycling is limited to sales of packaging waste. In the packaging waste composition used in Germany each year, sales packaging accounts for 48.4% (lifepacking and commercial waste packaging), transportation packaging accounts for 26.8%, multipurpose packaging accounts for 14.7%, commercial and industrial 8.7% of packaging, 0.8% of household packaging, and 0.4% of hazardous packaging, and DSD is responsible for recycling is the largest part of the waste packaging. Other packaging is recycled by other recycling organizations. For example, transport packaging is recycled by material recycling company PESY, recycling industry and enterprise plastic packaging company RIGK, metal and tinplate packaging are recycled by KBS, and building materials packaging and polyurethane foam plastic by POR. Company Recycling; and DSD Co., Ltd. Cologne's Raw Materials Recycling Association Vfw also recycles sales packaging and is Green Dot's main competitor.
According to statistics of DSD, the total amount of solid waste (garbage) produced in Germany in a year is about 400 million tons (including industry, construction, mines, and household waste), and 40 million tons of domestic garbage is produced in residential neighborhoods. About 11.6 million tons are used. German regulations stipulate that the recycling efficiency index for various types of packaging wastes ranges from 60% to 75%. Due to the excellent operation of DSD, in 2001, various types of packaging waste recycling indicators exceeded the regulations, as shown in Table 1.
Table 1 The actual recycling status of various types of packaging Recycling of packaging materials Laws and regulations Recycling 2001 Aluminum packaging actually completed 60% 105%
Composite packaging 60% 65%
Plastic Packaging 60% 87%
Paper Packaging 70% 166%
Tinplate Packing 70% 144%
Glass packaging 75% 93%
Those who exceed the figures in the table are the ones that have recovered many unused green dot marks. For paper packaging, participating in the Green Point company is 891,723 tons that should be recycled, and 1,847,941 tons actually recycled.
Under the influence of legislation in Germany that enforced the recycling of packaging waste, the European Community passed the EU packaging guidelines on December 20, 1994. The guidelines, like the German regulations, prioritized recycling and reuse of packaging waste. The order of treatment is: reduction, recycling, recycling of materials (degradable materials that cannot be reused), incineration and energy reuse, landfilling and composting; packaging guidelines require all member states to take measures to establish The use of recycling mark recycling packaging system, packaging production and use of the manufacturer must use the recycled packaging, commissioned third party recycling to pay the environmental protection recycling logo use fees; guidelines require the member countries of packaging waste recycling efficiency indicators German regulations require low levels. Recycling and utilization rates in 2001 reached 50%, and the recycling rate of each type of packaging material waste must be at least 15%. The countries that adopted the green dot recycling mark have since spread in the EU and other countries and have reached 16 so far. They are: Austria (1993), Belgium (1994), Czech Republic (2000), France (1993), Hungary (2001) ), Greece (2002), Ireland (1998), Latvia (2000), Resenborg (1995), Norway (2000), Poland (2002), Portugal (1997), Spain (1996), Sweden (2001), Canada (2001), United States (2001).
The use of the green dot mark in the EU to complete the recycling of the country is worse than that of Germany. The main reason is that the recycling rate of plastic packaging is low, and only four countries have reached the EU's packaging guidelines.
Organization and operation
DSD is a non-profit non-profit organization made up of nearly 100 production and sales companies and enjoys the tax exemption provided by the packaging regulations. The company has more than 300 employees. The three-member board of directors is responsible for the specific operations. It has three representatives representing packaging companies, packaging companies, sales shops, and waste management departments to form the supervisory body with the highest authority. In addition, an advisory committee is formed by political circles, business circles, research institutes and consumer organizations to mediate the work of the company as a medium for DSD and various social groups.
The DSD recycling company's national recycling system is based on its contract with more than 500 private and waste management companies. It is a model that is not subject to geographical restrictions; at the same time, DSD is a privately owned organization that serves the public interest. Under the premise of national environmental policy requirements, in the form of fee-based operations, the interests of all parties in the local government, waste management departments, and recycling companies are coordinated, and the responsibilities and responsibilities of all parties are clearly defined so that the recovery can be carried out smoothly.
DSD company issued a "green dot" logo for the packaging companies and importers entrusting them with the recycling of packaging waste and charged them. Charges are calculated according to the weight, volume and area of ​​the different types of recycled waste packaging.
Calculated by weight: 150.8 cents per kilogram of plastic packaging; 107.3 cents per kilogram of composite packaging; 86.4 cents per kilogram of beverage cardboard box; 76.6 cents per kilogram of aluminum packaging; 28.6 cents per kilogram of tin can Charge 20.4 cents per kilogram of paper/cardboard packaging; 10.2 cents per kilogram of natural packaging material; and 7.6 cents per kilogram of glass packaging.
From January 2002, the above fees have dropped by 11%.
Calculated by volume: <50 to 200 ml, charge 0.05-0.31 cent;> 200 ml to 3L, charge 0.36-0.46 cent;> 3L, charge 0.61 cent.
Calculated on an area basis: <150 square centimeters to 300 square centimeters, charge 0.05-0.20 cents;> 300 square centimeters to 1600 square centimeters, charge 0.31 cents;> 1600 square centimeters, charge 0.46 cents.
After packing companies, importers, and trading companies have paid their bills, they can use the “Green Point†logo registered with DSD. By 2000, DSD had already owned 17,900 companies that used its “Green Dot†logo. 340 million tons of packaging waste was recycled, reused and disposed of.
The DSD company's recycling mark is only used on disposable packaging. Reusable packaging, such as beer bottles, does not use the "green dot" logo, but is paid for by the "deposit" method. For packaging wastes with the "Green Dot" logo printed on them, DSD companies recycle them through "send" and "take" systems. For large amounts of glass (separated by green, white, brown), paper and cardboard waste, and corner waste, the company uses the “send†system to send the vehicle to the recycling processing company for centralized recycling after using the garbage bag to centralize the packaging. For scattered packaging waste, the company sets up garbage collection bins (barrels) near residential areas and pedestrian walkways. The bins (barrels) are available in three models: large, medium, and small, and are selected according to need; garbage cans (barrels) are also Divided into different colors, the waste collection, blue bins (barrels) collection carton carton, yellow bins (barrels) to collect all kinds of waste light packaging, such as plastic, composite, tin cans, cans and other waste packaging, gray Or brown bins (barrels) to collect other debris.
In 2001, Green Point collected an average of 76.6 kg of recyclable waste from each inhabitant, including glass packaging 30.0 kg, light packaging 27.91 kg, and paper/cardboard packaging 18.7 kg.
DSD two-way system for the recycling of packaging waste recycling operation description: Its use of recycling circle: packaging product manufacturers → sell the packaging to the production company for packaging or filling, the production company to pay a green point fee to the two-way system → production companies Disposable packaging products can be printed with green dot logos → handed over to the store for sale → consumer purchases → post-consumer scrap packaging Recycling by the Green Point company using its investment in a garbage bin → recycling companies contracted by Green Point or contractors will be scrapped After the material is collected, it is transported to the recycling factory → the production of recycled raw materials (or made into other products) → return to the manufacturer of the packaging products to produce recycled products.
(Two-way arrows indicate that there is a mutual contract agreement, and one-way black arrows indicate that the funds generated from the green point licensing fees are unemployed.)
Separation and regeneration
1. Waste paper In Germany, 75% of waste paper is newspapers and magazines, and 25% are paper and cardboard. In 1999, 214.6kg/person/year was recovered, which has good economic value for recycling. After the “send†and “take†systems were recovered, they were used in the past. The automatic waste paper sorting line is now used for sorting. After the waste paper is shredded, it is separated by weight (specific gravity) so that it can be sent to the company. The quality of recycled pulp after paper mills. If waste newspapers and magazines are mixed with 5% paper/paperboard, it will seriously affect the quality of high-grade pulp. Therefore, Germany has high requirements on the quality of sorting, and it is stipulated that the mixed paper must not exceed 1.25%.
2. Waste composite packaging beverages Cardboard packaging mostly uses aluminum-plastic composite materials. Its composition is 80% paper-based, 16% PE plastic, and 4% aluminum foil. Germany recycles 130,000 tons of composite packaging every year.
The recovery and separation process is as follows:
(1) After tearing and crushing the waste composite package, the waste water can be separated and formed into fiber pulp by utilizing the characteristics of water absorption of the waste paper. After the fiber pulp is extruded into a large package, it is transported to paper mills in Finland and Germany for papermaking. Food packaging paperboard fiber is long, good quality, and therefore welcomed by the paper mill.
(2) After tearing and separating the paper, aluminum foil (aluminum oxide) and PE are not good enough to be separated, so most (75%) are sent to the cement plant as an additive for the production of cement; (25%) can also be pyrolyzed, and aluminum oxide remains after burning off the plastic PE (which can be used as a heat source).
3. Waste Plastics Packaging Germany used plastics: 61% PE, 18% PP, 9% PET, 4% PVC, EPS 2%. Its waste plastic packaging consists of 11% plastic bottles, 23% plastic films, 2% EPS, and 64% mixed plastics.
In addition to the ease with which PET can be recycled, it is difficult to recover other plastics, and there is not a good market for other recycled materials after recycling. The German Ministry of Environmental Protection first required the chemical plant to undertake the task of plastic recycling. However, the plastic factory was uncomfortable considering the trouble and considering economic benefits. It only hoped that the waste plastic would be burned and landfilled, and the factory would still only produce and sell new plastic packaging products. Therefore, although the recovery organization was established, it only went bankrupt in only three years. However, the Ministry of Environmental Protection still insisted on the recovery and made the decision not to collect the tax, and the chemical company had to entrust DSD with the responsibility for recycling the waste plastic packaging. The processing costs were borne by the chemical plastics factory. To this end, DSD has set up a DKR joint-stock company responsible for the recycling of waste plastic packaging.
At present, there are two methods for recycling waste plastics:
(1) Raw material method, also known as chemical method: The crushing of hybrid plastics—separation of impurities—cleaning—granulation—injected into the blast furnace instead of heavy oil and pulverized coal as reducing agent CO and H2.
(2) Material method, also known as physical method: The plastic film, bottle, and turnover box will be broken - the use of ups and downs, vortex method, centrifugation to separate all kinds of plastic - drying, plus some new materials - - Extrusion into pellets - production of recycled plastic products such as film bags, turnover boxes, pipes, garbage bags, sandals, hangers, etc.
With the improvement of separation and regeneration technology, waste PET can now be used to regenerate food containers, but the separation must be pure. Germany and France have produced infra-red separation equipment that uses infrared light to separate and obtain highly purified particles.
Recyclable products in packaging waste are shown in Table 2.
Table 2
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